Keywords
HIV
Homosexuality
Categories
How to Cite
Abstract
Objective: describe the perceptions of homosexual men living with HIV regarding fatherhood in the Infectious Diseases Unit of the San Borja Arriarán Clinical Hospital in 2024.
Methodology: descriptive qualitative research using a phenomenological paradigm, using non-probability opinion-based sampling and a sample of typical subjects, with a sample size based on data saturation. Twelve individual semi-structured interviews were conducted, along with a narrative data analysis using a priori categories. Atlas.ti® was used as the analysis tool.
Results: results were divided into barriers and facilitators, strengths, and experiences related to fatherhood in the sample. Barriers related to diagnosis and others that are transversal to society were found. Furthermore, comprehensive healthcare was identified as a facilitator for fatherhood, also the transmission of knowledge to children was recognized as a strength. Finally, regarding their experiences it was pointed out that the diagnosis had an impact on their decision to become a parent, as well as the sexual orientation.
Conclusion: the perceptions of the participants regarding paternity were diverse and mostly positive, except for the barriers mentioned before, which were considered as decisive factors when becoming parents. Thus, the results suggest continuing to provide comprehensive counseling in health care, as this contributes to the empowerment of patients regarding their diagnosis.
References
1. Asociación Médica Mundial. (s. f.). Declaración de Helsinki de la Asociación Médica Mundial. https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-de-helsinki-de-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las-investigaciones-medicas-en-seres-humanos/
2. Baca Chancafe, J. M., Vega Ramírez, A. S., Díaz Manchay, R. J., Mogollón Torres, F. de M., Cervera Vallejos, M. F., & Guerrero Quiroz, E. S. (2024). Nursing care from the perception of people with HIV/AIDS. Revista Cubana de Enfermería. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383182433_Nursing_Care_from_the_Perception_of_People_with_HIVAids
3. Brignol, S., Dourado, I., Amorim, L. D., & Sansigolo Kerr, L. R. F. (2015). Vulnerability in the context of HIV and syphilis infection in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 31(5), 1035–1048. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00178313
4. Castillo, E., & Vásquez, M. L. (2003). El rigor metodológico en la investigación cualitativa. Colomb Med, 34(3), 164–167.
5. Chinyandura, C., Davies, N., Buthelezi, F., Jiyane, A., & Rees, K. (2024). Using fatherhood to engage men in HIV services via maternal, neonatal and child health entry points in South Africa. PLoS ONE, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296955
6. Cohn, S. E., Haddad, L. B., Sheth, A. N., Hayford, C., Chmiel, J. S., Janulis, P. F., & Schmandt, J. (2018). Parenting desires among individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 5(10). https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy232
7. da Silveira Reis, C. B., Leite Araújo, M. A., Andrade, R. F. V., & Miranda, A. E. B. (2015). Prevalence and factors associated with paternity intention among men living with HIV/AIDS in Fortaleza, Ceará. Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem, 24(4), 1053–1060. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-0707201500003560014
8. Díaz, M. Y. (2023, diciembre 1). The postponement of motherhood in Chile: Between autonomy and precarity. Universum, 38(2), 591–616. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-23762023000200591
9. Díaz-Bravo, L., Torruco-García, U., Martínez-Hernández, M., & Varela-Ruiz, M. (2013). La entrevista, recurso flexible y dinámico. Investigación en Educación Médica, 2(7), 162–167. https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/iem/v2n7/v2n7a9.pdf
10. Erazo Jiménez, M. S. (2011). Rigor científico en las prácticas de investigación cualitativa. Ciencia, Docencia y Tecnología, 42, 107–136. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1851-17162011000100004
11. Estay, F., Valenzuela, A., & Cartes, R. (2020). Health-care on LGBT+ people: Perspectives from the local community from Concepción. Revista Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344845853_Atencion_en_salud_de_personas_LGBT_Perspectivas_desde_la_comunidad_local_penquista
12. Gibbs, G. (2012). El análisis de datos cualitativos en investigación cualitativa. Ediciones Morata S. L. https://www.digitaliapublishing.com/a/24050
13. Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523
14. Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (1991). Metodología de la investigación. McGraw-Hill. https://www.uv.mx/personal/cbustamante/files/2011/06/metodologia-de-la-investigaci%C3%83%C2%B3n_sampieri.pdf
15. Herrera, F., Miranda, C., Pavicevic, Y., & Sciaraffia, V. (2018). “Soy un papá súper normal”: Experiencias parentales de hombres gay en Chile. Polis. Revista Latinoamericana. http://journals.openedition.org/polis/15597
16. Hipolito, R. L., Oliveira, D. C. de, Costa, T. L. da, Marques, S. C., Pereira, E. R., & Gomes, A. M. T. (2017). Quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS: Temporal, sociodemographic and perceived health relationship. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1258.2874
17. Husserl, E. (2011). La idea de la fenomenología (1.ª ed.). Herder Editorial. https://theoryofimage.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/la-idea-de-la-fenomenologia-e-husserl.pdf
18. Instituto de Salud Pública. (2023). Resultados confirmación de infección por VIH, Chile, 2010–2022 (Vol. 13, Núm. 7). https://www.ispch.cl/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/BoletinVIH02-09112023A_FINAL.pdf
19. Jaramillo-Jaramillo, J., & Restrepo-Pineda, J. E. (2019). Homosexual and bisexual fathers and mothers in Colombia: Experiences of discrimination and coping strategies. Revista Española de Sociología, 28(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2018.62
20. Kyne, L. T., Yudin, M. H., Bekele, T., Loutfy, M., Rourke, S. B., Watson, J., Nguemo Djiometio, J., Antoniou, T., Globerman, J., McGee, A., & Kennedy, V. L. (2021). Understanding the importance of fatherhood among men living with HIV in Ontario. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259582211016133
21. Langendorf, T. F., de Mello Padoin, S. M., & de Oliveira Suza, I. E. (2020). Men’s sexual and reproductive health in the situation of HIV-serodiscordance. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 73(6). https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0904
22. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications.
23. Maiorana, A., Lugo, E., Hamasaki, W., Calvo, G., Konda, K., Silva-Santisteban, A., Cáceres, C., & Kegeles, S. (2024). “They treat us equally, they guide us”: Peer navigation for HIV care engagement in men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 41(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2024.412.13198
24. Ministerio de Salud. (2009). Codificación examen de detección VIH. https://diprece.minsal.cl/wrdprss_minsal/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Ord.4220-Codificaci%C3%B3n-VIH.pdf
25. Ministerio de Salud. (2021). Informe epidemiológico anual enfermedad por Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) 2021.
26. Morse, J. M. (1995). The significance of saturation. Qualitative Health Research, 5(2), 147–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239500500201
27. Okuda Benavides, M., & Gómez-Restrepo, C. (2005). Metodología de investigación y lectura crítica de estudios. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 34, 118–124. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/806/80635209.pdf
28. Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2023). VIH y sida. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids
29. ONUSIDA. (2022a). Country factsheets: Chile 2022. https://www.unaids.org/es/regionscountries/countries/chile
30. ONUSIDA. (2022b). Estadísticas mundiales sobre el VIH y el sida: Hoja informativa. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
31. Pantoja Bohórquez, C., Grisales, K. M., Jaramillo, J., & Restrepo Pineda, J. (s. f.). De la invisibilidad al continuum de homofobia: Barreras socioculturales para las familias LGBTI en Colombia. https://dx.doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol19-issue1-fulltext-1758
32. Pralat, R., Anderson, J., Burns, F., Yarrow, E., & Barber, T. J. (2021). Discussing parenthood with gay men diagnosed with HIV: A qualitative study of patient and healthcare practitioner perspectives. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12285-4
33. Pralat, R., Burns, F., Anderson, J., & Barber, T. J. (2021). Can HIV-positive gay men become parents? How men living with HIV and HIV clinicians talk about the possibility of having children. Sociology of Health & Illness, 43(2), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13218
34. Radusky, P. D., & Mikulic, I. M. (2019). Experiencia y percepción de estigma relacionado con el VIH en varones con orientación homosexual. Journal on Health & Social Psychology, 10, 110–127. https://doi.org/10.22199/issn.0718-7475-2019-02-010
35. Rai, T., Bruton, J., Day, S., & Ward, H. (2018). From activism to secrecy: Contemporary experiences of living with HIV in London in people diagnosed from 1986 to 2014. Health Expectations, 21(6), 1134–1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12816
36. Restrepo Pineda, J. E., & Jaramillo, J. J. (2020). Gay and bisexual parents in Colombia: An approach to perceptions of the family. Sociologias, 22(54), 258–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/15174522-94683
37. Rodríguez, V. J., Spence, A., Monda, M., Potter, J., & Jones, D. (2017). Couples living with HIV: Men’s reproductive intentions, practices, and attitudes. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 16(2), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325957415612127
38. Sandelowski, M. (2000). Whatever happened to qualitative description? Research in Nursing & Health, 23(4), 334–340. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319332528_Whatever_happened_to_qualitative_description
39. Sastre, F., Sheehan, D. M., & Gonzalez, A. (2015). Dating, marriage, and parenthood for HIV-positive heterosexual Puerto Rican men: Normalizing perspectives on everyday life with HIV. American Journal of Men’s Health, 9(2), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988314532940
40. Siegel, K., Meunier, É., Tocco, J. U., & Lekas, H. M. (2018). Reproductive desires and considerations of HIV-positive men in heterosexual relationships in New York City. AIDS and Behavior, 22(6), 1736–1749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1864-9
41. Vásquez, L., Ferreira, R., Mogollón, A., Fernández, J., Delgado, E., & Vargas, I. (2011). Introducción a las técnicas cualitativas de investigación aplicadas en salud. Universidad del Valle, Programa Editorial. https://doi.org/10.25100/peu.188
42. Vergés H., V., Chávez P., A., González H., C., Pacheco L., P., & Gómez V., R. (2019). Creencias, percepciones y experiencias en sexualidad de adolescentes chilenos con infección por VIH adquirida por transmisión vertical. Revista Chilena de Infectología, 36(3), 318–330. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182019000300318
43. Viñas Pérez, M. X., Álvarez Gordillo, G. del C., Erosa Solana, E., Evangelista García, A. A., & Sánchez Ramírez, G. (2017). La maternidad desde la experiencia de mujeres que viven con VIH atendidas en el Hospital de las Culturas, en Chiapas, México. Revista de El Colegio de San Luis.
44. Weber, S., Zakaras, J. M., Hilliard, S., Cohan, D., & Dworkin, S. L. (2017). “Is it all right for me to have a baby or not?”: Men living with HIV discuss fertility desires and interactions with providers. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 28(1), 118–129. https://www.academia.edu/119888189/_Is_It_All_Right_for_Me_to_Have_a_Baby_or_Not_Men_Living_With_HIV_Discuss_Fertility_Desires_and_Interactions_With_Providers
45. Yopo Díaz, M. (2021). “It’s hard to become mothers”: The moral economy of postponing motherhood in neoliberal Chile. The British Journal of Sociology, 72(5), 1214–1228. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12901
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Contemporary Midwifery Journal