Dreams, Trauma, and Prediction Errors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22370/rhv2024iss26pp103-132Keywords:
dreams, trauma, prediction error, memory reconsolidation, lucid dream, nightmare, memory, post-traumatic stress disorderAbstract
It is widely known that dreams can be strongly affected by traumatic events, but there may be other ways in which dreams relate to trauma. In this paper, we argue that different types of dreams could both contribute to trauma and alleviate it according to the prediction errors that occur either in dreams or in response to them after waking. A prediction error occurs when an experience contradicts one’s expectation and it is often accompanied by surprise. Prediction errors are involved in memory updating processes that can be long-lasting. Not only nightmares but also unpleasant, and surprisingly, even neutral and pleasant dreams have the potential to contribute to trauma, affecting our waking lives in a similar way to waking traumatic experiences. We postulate that certain dreams can also be beneficial for trauma alleviation. Further, clinical evidence suggests that working with prediction errors that occurred in dreams and during our response to dreams after waking can assist in alleviating the negative effects of trauma.
References
Agile_Albatross6054. (2023). negative visitation dreams [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/Dreams/comments/14tfe93/negative_visitation_dreams/
Alberini, C. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (2013). Memory reconsolidation. Current Biology, 23(17), 746–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.046
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
American Psychological Association (2018a). Dream. In APA Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved January 4, 2024, from https://dictionary.apa.org/dream
American Psychological Association (2018b). Trauma. In APA Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved January 4, 2024, from https://dictionary.apa.org/trauma
Barrett, D. (1992). Through a Glass Darkly: Images of the Dead in Dreams. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 24(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.2190/H9G7-7AK5-15TF-2AWA
Blagrove, M., Farmer, L., & Williams, E. (2004). The relationship of nightmare frequency and nightmare distress to well‐being. Journal of Sleep Research, 13(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00394.x
Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Silove, D., & McFarlane, A. C. (2010). Sleep Disturbance Immediately Prior to Trauma Predicts Subsequent Psychiatric Disorder. Sleep, 33(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.1.69
Boudrias, S., (2024). Using visual dream reports in art therapy to reconsolidate emotional memories. [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue.
Bonamino, C., Watling, C., & Polman, R. (2023). Exploring adolescent lucid dreams: a pathway to learning, growth, and mental well-being. [Under review]. Queensland University of Technology
Bulkeley, K., Broughton, B., Sanchez, A., & Stiller, J. (2005). Earliest remembered dreams. Dreaming, 15(3), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.3.205
Campbell, R. L., & Germain, A. (2016). Nightmares and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 2(2), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-016-0037-0
Carruthers, G., Carls‐diamante, S., Huang, L., Rosen, M., & Schier, E. (2019). How to operationalise consciousness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 71(4), 390–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12264
Chaput, J.-P., Dutil, C., Featherstone, R., Ross, R., Giangregorio, L., Saunders, T. J., Janssen, I., Poitras, V. J., Kho, M. E., Ross-White, A., Zankar, S., & Carrier, J. (2020). Sleep timing, sleep consistency, and health in adults: A systematic review. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 45(10 (Suppl. 2)), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-0032
Cowan, R. (2023). Dreams, Morality and the Waking World. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 104(1), 2–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/papq.12397
Den Boer, E. (2012). Spirit conception: Dreams in Aboriginal Australia. Dreaming, 22(3), 192–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028402
Dahlitz, M., & Hall, G. (2015). Memory reconsolidation in psychotherapy. Dahlitz Media.
Davis, J. L. (2009). Treating post-trauma nightmares: A cognitive behavioral approach. Springer Publishing Company
Dennett, D. C. (1976). Are Dreams Experiences? The Philosophical Review, 85(2), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183728
Den Ouden, H. E. M., Kok, P., & De Lange, F. P. (2012). How Prediction Errors Shape Perception, Attention, and Motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00548
Diekelmann, S., Wilhelm, I., & Born, J. (2009). The whats and whens of sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13(5), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2008.08.002
Domhoff, G. W. (1996). Finding Meaning in Dreams. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0298-6
Ecker, B., Ticic, R., & Hulley, L. (2012). Unlocking the emotional brain: Eliminating symptoms at their roots using memory reconsolidation. Routledge.
Edwards, C. L., Malinowski, J. E., McGee, S. L., Bennett, P. D., Ruby, P. M., & Blagrove, M. T. (2015). Comparing personal insight gains due to consideration of a recent dream and consideration of a recent event using the Ullman and Schredl dream group methods. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00831
Ellis, L. (2019). A Clinician’s Guide to Dream Therapy: Implementing Simple and Effective Dreamwork (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429001215
Eudell‐Simmons, E. M., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2005). A review of empirical research supporting four conceptual uses of dreams in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12(4), 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.445
Fernández, R. S., Boccia, M. M., & Pedreira, M. E. (2016). The fate of memory: Reconsolidation and the case of Prediction Error. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 423–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.004
Foulkes, D. (1979). Home and Laboratory Dreams: Four Empirical Studies and a Conceptual Reevaluation. Sleep, 2(2), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/2.2.233
Foulkes, D. (1999). Children's Dreaming and the Development of Consciousness. Harvard University Press.
Foulkes, D., Bradley, L., Cavallero, C., & Hollifield, M. (1989). Processing of Memories and Knowledge in REM and NREM Dreams. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68(2), 365–366. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.365
Gieselmann, A., Ait Aoudia, M., Carr, M., Germain, A., Gorzka, R., Holzinger, B., Kleim, B., Krakow, B., Kunze, A. E., Lancee, J., Nadorff, M. R., Nielsen, T., Riemann, D., Sandahl, H., Schlarb, A. A., Schmid, C., Schredl, M., Spoormaker, V. I., Steil, R., … Pietrowsky, R. (2019). Aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder: State of the art and future perspectives. Journal of Sleep Research, 28(4), e12820. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12820
Gilley, R. R. (2022). The Role of Sleep in Cognitive Function: The Value of a Good Night’s Rest. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 54(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594221090067
Hartmann, E. (1998a). Nightmare after Trauma as Paradigm for All Dreams: A New Approach to the Nature and Functions of Dreaming. Psychiatry, 61(3), 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1998.11024834
Hartmann, E. (1998b). Dreams and nightmares: The new theory on the origin and meaning of dreams. Plenum Trade.
Hartmann, E. (2010). A Dream Is a Creation, Not a Replay. A Dream Always Makes New Connections, Guided by Emotion. In E. Hartmann (Ed.), The Nature and Functions of Dreaming (p. 23–30). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751778.003.0004
Heffner, J., Son, J.-Y., & FeldmanHall, O. (2021). Emotion prediction errors guide socially adaptive behaviour. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(10), 1391–1401. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01213-6
Hobson, J. A. (2005). In Bed With Mark Solms? What a Nightmare! A Reply to Domhoff. Dreaming, 15(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.1.21
Hobson, J. A., & Friston, K. J. (2012). Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations. Progress in Neurobiology, 98(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.003
Holmes, J., & Nolte, T. (2019). “Surprise” and the Bayesian Brain: Implications for Psychotherapy Theory and Practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00592
Iordanova, M. D., Yau, J. O.-Y., McDannald, M. A., & Corbit, L. H. (2021). Neural substrates of appetitive and aversive prediction error. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 123, 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.029
Castro-Vale, I., Severo, M., Carvalho, D., & Mota-Cardoso, R. (2020). Vulnerability Factors Associated with Lifetime Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Veterans 40 Years after War. Healthcare, 8(4), 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040359
Kahan, T. L., & Sullivan, K. T. (2012). Assessing metacognitive skills in waking and sleep: A psychometric analysis of the Metacognitive, Affective, Cognitive Experience (MACE) questionnaire. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(1), 340–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.11.005
Kalbe, F., & Schwabe, L. (2020). Beyond arousal: Prediction error related to aversive events promotes episodic memory formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46(2), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000728
Koren, D., Arnon, I., Lavie, P., & Klein, E. (2002). Sleep Complaints as Early Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A 1-Year Prospective Study of Injured Survivors of Motor Vehicle Accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(5), 855–857. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.855
Köthe, M., & Pietrowsky, R. (2001). Behavioral effects of nightmares and their correlations to personality patterns. Dreaming, 11(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009468517557
Krakow, B. (2006). Nightmare Complaints in Treatment-Seeking Patients in Clinical Sleep Medicine Settings: Diagnostic and Treatment Implications. Sleep, 29(10), 1313–1319. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/29.10.1313
Krakow, B., & Zadra, A. (2006). Clinical Management of Chronic Nightmares: Imagery Rehearsal Therapy. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 4(1), 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15402010bsm0401_4
Kramer, M. (1993). The selective mood regulatory function of dreaming: An update and revision. In A. Moffitt, M. Kramer, & R. Hoffmann (Eds.), The functions of dreaming (pp. 139–195). SUNY Press.
Kubota, Y., Takasu, N. N., Horita, S., Kondo, M., Shimizu, M., Okada, T., Wakamura, T., & Toichi, M. (2011). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortical oxygenation during REM sleep in humans. Brain Research, 1389, 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.061
Kudrnáčová, M., & Kudrnáč, A. (2023). Better sleep, better life? Testing the role of sleep on quality of life. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282085. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282085
Levin, R., & Nielsen, T. A. (2007). Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(3), 482–528. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.482
LaBerge S. (1985). Lucid Dreaming: The Power of Being Awake and Aware in Your Dreams. Tarcher.
Lane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L., & Greenberg, L. (2015). Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, e1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X14000041
Lara‐Carrasco, J., Nielsen, T. A., Solomonova, E., Levrier, K., & Popova, A. (2009). Overnight emotional adaptation to negative stimuli is altered by REM sleep deprivation and is correlated with intervening dream emotions. Journal of Sleep Research, 18(2), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00709.x
Lancee, J., & Schrijnemaekers, N. C. (2013). The association between nightmares and daily distress: Nightmares and daily distress. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 11(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2012.00586.x
Lee, J. L. C., Nader, K., & Schiller, D. (2017). An Update on Memory Reconsolidation Updating. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(7), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.04.006
Leonard, L., & Dawson, D. (2018). The marginalisation of dreams in clinical psychological practice. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 42, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.04.002
Levin, R., & Fireman, G. (2002). Nightmare Prevalence, Nightmare Distress, and Self-Reported Psychological Disturbance. Sleep, 25(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/25.2.205
Mallett, R., Carr, M., Freegard, M., Konkoly, K., Bradshaw, C., & Schredl, M. (2021). Exploring the range of reported dream lucidity. Philosophy and the Mind Sciences, 2, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2021.63
Mallett, R., Picard-Deland, C., Pigeon, W., Wary, M., Grewal, A., Blagrove, M., & Carr, M. (2022). The Relationship Between Dreams and Subsequent Morning Mood Using Self-Reports and Text Analysis. Affective Science, 3(2), 400–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00080-8
Maquet, P., Péters, J.-M., Aerts, J., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., & Franck, G. (1996). Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Nature, 383(6596), 163–166. https://doi.org/10.1038/383163a0
Mellman, T. A., Bustamante, V., Fins, A. I., Pigeon, W. R., & Nolan, B. (2002). REM Sleep and the Early Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(10), 1696–1701. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1696
Monfils, M.-H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2009). Extinction-Reconsolidation Boundaries: Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories. Science, 324(5929), 951–955. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167975
Nader, K. (2003). Memory traces unbound. Trends in Neurosciences, 26(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(02)00042-5
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2000). The labile nature of consolidation theory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1(3), 216–219. https://doi.org/10.1038/35044580
Nadorff, M. R., Lambdin, K. K., & Germain, A. (2014). Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for nightmare disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 26(2), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.888989
Neidhardt, E. J., Krakow, B., Kellner, R., & Pathak, D. (1992). The Beneficial Effects of One Treatment Session and Recording of Nightmares on Chronic Nightmare Sufferers. Sleep, 15(5), 470–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/15.5.470
Nielsen, T., & Levin, R. (2007). Nightmares: A new neurocognitive model. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 11(4), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.03.004
Nielsen, T., & Zadra, A. (2011). Idiopathic Nightmares and Dream Disturbances Associated with Sleep–Wake Transitions. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (5th ed., pp. 1106–1115). W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00097-9
Nordin, A., & Bjälkebring, P. (2021). The Counterintuitiveness of Supernatural Dreams and Religiosity. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 21(3–4), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340114
Noreika, V., Windt, J. M., Lenggenhager, B., & Karim, A. A. (2010). New perspectives for the study of lucid dreaming: From brain stimulation to philosophical theories of self-consciousness. International Journal of Dream Research, 3(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2010.1.586
Ouchene, R., El Habchi, N., Demina, A., Petit, B., & Trojak, B. (2023). The effectiveness of lucid dreaming therapy in patients with nightmares: A systematic review. L’Encéphale, 49(5), 525–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2023.01.008
Parke, A. R., & Horton, C. L. (2009). A Re-Examination of the Interference Hypothesis on Dream Recall. International Journal of Dream Research, 2(2), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2009.2.364
Peile, A. R. (1997). Body and soul: An Aboriginal view. Hesperian Press.
Pedreira, M. E., Pérez-Cuesta, L. M., & Maldonado, H. (2004). Mismatch Between What Is Expected and What Actually Occurs Triggers Memory Reconsolidation or Extinction. Learning & Memory, 11(5), 579–585. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.76904
Picard-Deland, C., Bernardi, G., Genzel, L., Dresler, M., & Schoch, S. F. (2023). Memory reactivations during sleep: A neural basis of dream experiences? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 27(6), 568–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2023.02.006
Qiu, L., Su, J., Ni, Y., Bai, Y., Zhang, X., Li, X., & Wan, X. (2018). The neural system of metacognition accompanying decision-making in the prefrontal cortex. PLOS Biology, 16(4), e2004037. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004037
Revonsuo, A. (1999). Binding and the Phenomenal Unity of Consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition, 8(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1999.0384
Revonsuo, A., & Tarkko, K. (2002). Binding in Dreams: The Bizarreness of Dream Images and the Unity of Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 9(7), 3–24.
Robert, G., & Zadra, A. (2014). Thematic and Content Analysis of Idiopathic Nightmares and Bad Dreams. Sleep, 37(2), 409–417. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3426
Rosen, M. G. (2015). I’m thinking your thoughts while I sleep: Sense of agency and ownership over dream thought. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2(3), 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000064
Rosen, M. G. (2018). How bizarre? A pluralist approach to dream content. Consciousness and Cognition, 62, 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.03.009
Rosen, M. G. (2021a). Sleeper Agents: The Sense of Agency Over the Dream Body. Human Studies, 44(4), 693–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-021-09598-z
Rosen, M. G. (2021b). I could do that in my sleep: Skilled performance in dreams. Synthese, 199(3–4), 6495–6522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-021-03079-7
Rosen, M. G. (2024). The dreaming mind: Understanding consciousness during sleep. Routledge.
Rosen, M., & Sutton, J. (2013). Self‐Representation and Perspectives in Dreams. Philosophy Compass, 8(11), 1041–1053. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12082
Rosen, M. G. & Trakas, M. (2024). [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Are Dream Emotions Fitting?
Sara, S. J. (2000). Strengthening the shaky trace through retrieval. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1(3), 212–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/35044575
Schiller, D., Monfils, M.-H., Raio, C. M., Johnson, D. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2010). Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature, 463(7277), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08637
Schredl, M., Bohusch, C., Kahl, J., Mader, A., & Somesan, A. (2000). The use of dreams in psychotherapy: a survey of psychotherapists in private practice. The Journal of psychotherapy practice and research, 9(2), 81–87.
Schredl, M., & Reinhard, I. (2010). The Continuity between Waking Mood and Dream Emotions: Direct and Second-Order Effects. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 29(3), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.2190/IC.29.3.f
Schredl, M. (2011). Listening to the dreamer. International Journal of Dream Research, 4(Suppl.1), S17. https://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2011.0.9125
Smuts, A. (2016). The ethics of imagination and fantasy. In A. Kind (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of philosophy of imagination (pp. 380-391). Routledge.
Sleep and Dream Database (2023). https://sleepanddreamdatabase.org/
Solms, M. (2015). Reconsolidation: Turning consciousness into memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, e24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X14000296
Spangler, P. T., & Sim, W. (2023). Working with dreams and nightmares: A review of the research evidence. Psychotherapy, 60(3), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000484
Spangler, P. T., & West, J. C. (2018). Nightmare Deconstruction and Reprocessing for PTSD Nightmares. In E. Vermetten, A. Germain, & T. C. Neylan (Eds.), Sleep and Combat-Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (pp. 311–316). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_27
Spoormaker, V. (2008). A cognitive model of recurrent nightmares. International Journal of Dream Research, 1(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2008.1.21
Stocks, A., Carr, M., Mallett, R., Konkoly, K., Hicks, A., Crawford, M., Schredl, M., & Bradshaw, C. (2020). Dream lucidity is associated with positive waking mood. Consciousness and Cognition, 83, 102971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2020.102971
Stumbrys, T. (2018). Lucid nightmares: A survey of their frequency, features, and factors in lucid dreamers. Dreaming, 28(3), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000090
Stumbrys, T., Erlacher, D., Schädlich, M., & Schredl, M. (2012). Induction of lucid dreams: A systematic review of evidence. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(3), 1456–1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.003
Tan, S., & Fan, J. (2022). A systematic review of new empirical data on lucid dream induction techniques. Journal of Sleep Research, 32(3), e13786. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13786
Ullman, M. (1996). Appreciating Dreams: A Group Approach. Sage.
van der Heijden, A. C., van den Heuvel, O. A., van der Werf, Y. D., Talamini, L. M., & van Marle, H. J. F. (2022). Sleep as a window to target traumatic memories. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 140, 104765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104765
van Liempt, S., van Zuiden, M., Westenberg, H., Super, A., & Vermetten, E. (2013). Impact of impaired sleep on the development of PTSD symptoms in combat veterans: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Depression and Anxiety, 30(5), 469–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22054
Voss, U., Schermelleh-Engel, K., Windt, J., Frenzel, C., & Hobson, A. (2013). Measuring consciousness in dreams: The lucidity and consciousness in dreams scale. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.11.001
Wamsley, E. J., & Stickgold, R. (2019). Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced memory consolidation: Replication in an overnight sleep study. Journal of Sleep Research, 28(1), e12749. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12749
Windt, J. M., & Metzinger, T. (2007). The philosophy of dreaming and self-consciousness: What happens to the experiential subject during the dream state? In D. Barrett & P. McNamara (Eds.), The new science of dreaming: Vol. 3. Cultural and theoretical perspectives (pp. 193–247). Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
Windt, J. M. (2015). Dreaming: a conceptual framework for philosophy of mind and empirical research. MIT Press.
Windt, J. M. (2017). Predictive brains, dreaming selves, sleeping bodies: how the analysis of dream movement can inform a theory of self-and world-simulation in dreams. Synthese, 1-49.
Wray, T. J., & Price, A. B. (2005). Grief dreams: How they help heal us after the death of a loved one. Jossey-Bass.
Yu, C. K.-C. (2007). Emotions before, during, and after dreaming sleep. Dreaming, 17(2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.2.73
Yu, C., & Shen, H. (2020). Bizarreness of Lucid and Non-lucid Dream: Effects of Metacognition. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2946. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02946
Zhao, H., Li, D., & Li, X. (2018). Relationship between Dreaming and Memory Reconsolidation. Brain Science Advances, 4(2), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2018.9050005
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2024-10-07 (4)
- 2024-09-30 (3)
- 2024-09-30 (2)
- 2024-09-24 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso y Universidad de Valparaíso
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
