Eating Meat Is Not a Moral Duty
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22370/rhv2026iss30.5134Keywords:
moral vegetariansim, animal ethics, applied ethics, meat consumption, moral obligation, animalismAbstract
This paper critically discusses a recent proposal that justifies the meat consumption of non-human animals as a moral duty for humans. First, we will briefly introduce the debate, and we will situate the various strategies used to criticise the arguments in favour of the moral permissibility of eating meat. Next, we will introduce Zangwill’s (2021) proposal, in which he presents the Mutual Benefit’s Argument to justify that meat consumption is not just morally permissible, but it is a moral duty of humans. In the last section, we will critically discuss the argument, and we will expose why it is an incorrect one, thereby arguing that there is no justification for concluding that it is a moral duty to eat meat. Finally, we will consider a new version of the argument to defend just the moral permissibility to eat meat, and we will show why it is not a correct argument. Consequently, we will conclude to eat meat is neither a moral duty nor a moral permissible act.
Downloads
References
Appleby, Paul, Davey, Gwyneth, Key, Timothy (2002). Hypertension and Blood Pressure Among Meat-Eaters, Fish Eaters, Vegetarians, and Vegans in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutrition 5(5), 645-654. DOI: 10.1079/PHN2002332
Call, Josep (2006). Descartes' two errors: Reason and reflection in the great apes. En S. Hur-ley, M. Nudds (Eds.), Rational animals?, pp. 253-283. Oxford, Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528272.003.0010
Cartwright, P., et al. (2007). Exceptionally preserved jellyfishes from the Middle Cambrian. PLOS ONE, 2(10), e1121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001121
Chapman, Collin A., Huffman, Michael.A. (2018). Why Do We Want To Think Humans Are Different? Animal Sentience 23(1). DOI:10.51291/2377-7478.1358
Crowe, Francesca L., et al. (2013). Risk of Hospitalization or Death from Ischemic Heart Disease among British Vegetarians and Nonvegetarians: Results from the EPIC-Oxford Cohort Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97(3), 597-603
Doucet, Christine M., Adams, Ian T., Fryxell, John M (1994). Beaver dam and cache compo-sition: Are Woody species used differently? Ecoscience 1, 268-270. DOI:10.1080/11956860.1994.11682251
Engel, Cindy (2002). Wild Health. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Hepburn, Randall., Pirk, Christian, Duangphakdee, Orawan (2016). Honeybee nests, Heidel-berg: Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-54328-9
Huffman, Michael A. (1997). Current evidence for self-medication in primates: A multidis-ciplinary perspective. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 40, 171-200. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(1997)25+<171::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-7
Huffman, Michael A. (2007). Primate self-medication. En C. J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K. C. MacKinnon, M. Panger, S. K. Bearder (Eds.), Primates in perspective, pp. 677-690 Ox-ford, Oxford University Press.
Human Society International (s.f.). Bullfighting. Último acceso 27/09/203: https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/
Kant, Immanuel (1975). Crítica de la razón práctica. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.
Key, Timothy, Appleby, Paul, Rosell, Magdalena (2007). Health Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65(1), 35-41. DOI: 10.1079/pns2005481
Key, Timothy, et al. (2009). Cancer Incidence in Vegetarians: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89(5),1620s1626s. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736M
Korb, Judith (2010). Termite Mound Architecture, from Function to Construction. En D. Bignell, Y. Roisin, N. Lo (Eds), Biology of Termites: a Modern Synthesis, pp. 349-373. Springer, Dordrecht. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4_13
Korman, Daniel. Z. (2022). Learning from Arguments: An Introduction to Philosophy. The Phil-Papers Foundation.
Korsgaard, Christine (2011). Interacting With Animals: A Kantian Account. En T. L. Beau-champ, R. G. Frey (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics. New York, Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195371963.013.0004
Lowe, Dan (2016). Common Arguments for the Moral Acceptability of Eating Meat: A Discussion for Students. Between the Species 19(1), 172-92.
Marks, Jonathan (2015). Tales of the ex-apes: How we think about human evolution. California, University of California Press.
McPherson, Tristram (2015). Why I Am a Vegan (and You Should Be One Too). En Chi-gnell, et al. (Eds.), Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments About the Ethics of Eating, pp. 73-81. New York, Routledge.
Møbjerg, Nadja., et al. (2011). Survival in extreme environments – on the current knowledge of adaptations in tardígrades. Acta Physiologica, 202(3), 409–420. DOI: 10.1111/J.1748-1716.2011.02252.X
Monsó, Susana (2019). Humans Are Superior – By Human Standards: Commentary on Chapman & Huffman on Human Difference. Animal Sentience 23(17). DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1389
Mosterín, Jesús (2010). A favor de los toros. Barcelona, Laetoli.
Mulkeen, Nicola (2023). Intergenerational Exploitation. Political Studies 71(3), 756-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217211040210
Norcross, Alastair (2004). Puppies, Pigs, and People: Eating Meat and Marginal Cases. Philo-sophical Studies 18, 229-45. Doi: 10.1111/j.1520-8583.2004.00027.x
Norwood, Bailey.F., Lusk Jayson.L. (2011). Compassion, by the Pound: The Economics of Farm Animal Welfare. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Osler, William (1891). Recent Advances in Medicine. Science 17, 170–171.
Rachels, James (2004). The Basic Argument for Vegetarianism. En S. F. Sapontzis (Ed.), Food for Thought: The Debate over Eating Meat, pp. 70-80. Amherst, NY, Prometheus.
Rachels, James (2011). Vegetarianism. En Beauchamp and Frey (Eds.), pp. 877–905.
Stephen, Leslie (1896). Social Rights and Duties. London, Library of Alexandria.
Taylor, Nik, Fraser, Heather (2017). Slaughterhouses: The Language of Life, the Discourse of Death. En J. Maher, H. Pierpoint, P. Beirne (Eds), The Palgrave International Hand-book of Animal Abuse Studies, pp. 179-199. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Vrousalis, Nicholas (2013). Exploitation, Vulnerability, and Social Domination. Philosophy & Public Affairs 41(2), 131-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/papa.12013
Zangwill, Nick (2021). Our Moral Duty To Eat Meat. Journal of the American Philosophical Association 7 (3), 295-311. DOI:10.1017/apa.2020.21
Zangwill, Nick (2022). Why You Should Eat Meat. Aeon. Último acceso 27/09/2023: https://aeon.co/essays/if-you-care-about-animals-it-is-your-moral-duty-to-eat-them
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).




