El trauma está en la respuesta. Hacia una visión postcausal en la definición de trauma psicológico
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https://doi.org/10.22370/rhv2024iss26pp75-102Palabras clave:
trauma psicológico, evento traumático, recuerdo traumático, respuesta al trauma, teoría postcausalResumen
El concepto de trauma psicológico es polisémico y sigue siendo objeto de debate entre académicos e investigadores. Una de las discusiones más importantes en torno a la definición de trauma es sobre la relación que existe entre el evento traumático (ET), la memoria traumática (MT) y la respuesta al trauma (RT). Distintas definiciones de trauma de organizaciones reconocidas mundialmente presentan al ET como el elemento primordial y sugieren una relación causal necesaria donde el ET es antecedente y la MT y la RT consecuentes, lo que llamo visión causal fuerte. En este artículo defiendo que esta visión es inconveniente al no explicar suficientemente importantes efectos relacionados al trauma que representan anomalías para la posición causal. Argumento a favor de dos afirmaciones. Primero, que en la definición de trauma psicológico debemos superar la necesidad de una relación causal fuerte dependiente del ET y transitar hacia una visión causal débil. Para ello, reviso la discusión sobre causación en filosofía de la memoria que enfrenta las teorías causales con las postcausales, y a partir de ella propongo dos principios que pueden ayudar a esta transición. Segundo, que de los tres elementos, la RT debería ser el más importante en la definición de trauma. Mi objetivo es apoyar aquellas definiciones de trauma psicológico que se enfocan en la RT, pues considero que pueden tener una mejor capacidad explicativa, especialmente para las anomalías que retan a la visión causal fuerte, y estar más centradas en la experiencia de los supervivientes.
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