Performative Trauma Narratives: Imperfect Memories and Epistemic Harms

Caroline Christoff

doi:10.22370/rhv2024iss26pp27-50

Autores/as

Caroline Christoff Muskingum University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22370/rhv2024iss26pp27-50

Palabras clave:

injusticia epistémica, recuento, violencia epistémica, veracidad, testimonio

Resumen

En este artículo, sugiero que las personas que sufren traumas a menudo se ven obligadas a reproducirlos verbalmente debido a una potencial ganancia material. Después de señalar las características clave de lo que defino como 'narrativas de trauma performáticas', argumento que los entornos en los que se cuentan estas narrativas imponen cargas epistémicas indebidas a las víctimas y no tienen en cuenta la comprensión diferencial de los oyentes y las dificultades para transmitir con precisión e integridad las características descriptivas y normativas. Sostengo que esto resulta en dos formas específicas de injusticia epistémica: 'injusticia testimonial estructuralmente precaria' e 'injusticia hermenéutica binaria'. A continuación, sugiero que estas cargas epistémicas impiden la curación del trauma al provocar que las víctimas se disocien normativamente de su experiencia traumática y que no integren adecuadamente sus recuerdos en su concepción de sí mismas.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

References

Anderson, E. (2012). Epistemic Justice as a Virtue of Social Institutions. Social Epistemology, 26(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2011.652211

Austin, J. L. (2014). Performing Speech. In J. Angermuller, D. Maingueneau, & R. Wodak (Eds.), The Discourse Studies Reader: Main currents in theory and analysis (pp. 54–59). John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Aviv, R. (2022, March 28). How an Ivy League School Turned Against a Student. The New York-er. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/04/04/mackenzie-fierceton-rhodes-scholarship-university-of-pennsylvania

Bartlett, T. (2022, January 7). The Dredging. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-dredging

Barlow, M. R., Goldsmith Turow, R. E., & Gerhart, J. (2017). Trauma appraisals, emotion regu-lation difficulties, and self-compassion predict posttraumatic stress symptoms following child-hood abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.006

Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw B. F. & Emery, G. (Eds.). (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford Press.

Berntsen, D., Willert, M., & Rubin, D. C. (2003). Splintered memories or vivid landmarks? Qualities and organization of traumatic memories with and without PTSD. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(6), 675–693. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.894

Brewin, C. R. (2006). Understanding cognitive behaviour therapy: A retrieval competition ac-count. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(6), 765–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.02.005

Brewin, C. R. (2015). Re-experiencing traumatic events in PTSD: new avenues in research on intrusive memories and flashbacks. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27180

Brison, S. J. (2002). Aftermath: Violence and the Remaking of a Self. Princeton University Press.

Brown, A. D., Kouri, N. A., & Superka, J. E. (2016). Contextualizing traumatic memories: The role of self-identity in the construction of autobiographical memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. In C. Stone & L. Bietti (Eds.), Contextualizing human memory: An interdisciplinary approach to understanding how individuals and groups remember the past. (pp. 11–22). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

Campbell, S. (2014). Our Faithfulness to the Past: Reconstructing Memory Value. In C. M. Koggel, & R. Jacobsen (Eds.), Our Faithfulness to the Past: The Ethics and Politics of Memory (p. 30–49). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199376933.003.0003

Dotson, K. (2012). A Cautionary Tale: On Limiting Epistemic Oppression. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 33(1), 24–47. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.33.1.0024

Doyle, C. (1997). Emotional abuse of children: Issues for intervention. Child Abuse Review, 6(5), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0852(199712)6:5<330::AID-CAR355>3.0.CO;2-C

Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0

Freire, E. (2019, March 26). Tara Westover and the Contradictions Which Allowed Her to Write a NYT Bestseller. Intellectual Takeout. https://intellectualtakeout.org/2019/03/tara-westover-and-the-contradictions-which-allowed-her-to-write-a-nyt-bestseller/

Fricker, M. (2006). Powerlessness and Social Interpretation. Episteme, 3(1–2), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.3366/epi.2006.3.1-2.96

Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001

Goetze, T. S. (2018). Hermeneutical Dissent and the Species of Hermeneutical Injustice. Hypa-tia, 33(1), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12384

Goldwasser, S., & Springle, A. (2023). Trauma, trust, & competent testimony. Philosophical Psy-chology, 37(1), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2023.2247011

Hornsby, J. (1995). Disempowered Speech. Philosophical Topics, 23(2), 127–147. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics199523211

Horowitz, M. J. (1997). Stress response syndromes: PTSD, grief, and adjustment disorders (3rd ed.). Jason Aronson.

Jittayuthd, S. (2022). A Journey through Rejection Sensitivity: The Roadmap Model to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder [Doctoral Thesis, University of Exeter]. Open Research Exeter. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/131559

Land, S. (2019). Maid: Hard Work, Low Pay, and a Mother's Will to Survive. Legacy Lit.

Lackey, J. (2023). Criminal Testimonial Injustice. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864109.001.0001

Mason, R. (2021). Hermeneutical Injustice. In J. Khoo & R. Sterken (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Social and Political Philosophy of Language (pp. 247–258). Routledge.

McDonald, M. (2012). Trauma, Embodiment, and Narrative: Idealistic Studies, 42(2/3), 247–263. https://doi.org/10.5840/idstudies2012422315

Niwa, M., Kato, T., Narita-Ohtaki, R., Otomo, R., Suga, Y., Sugawara, M., Narita, Z., Hori, H., Kamo, T., & Kim, Y. (2022). Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation Narrative Therapy for women with ICD-11 complex PTSD related to childhood abuse in Ja-pan: A pilot study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2080933

Onega, S., & Ganteau, J.-M. (Eds.). (2014). Contemporary trauma narratives: Liminality and the ethics of form. Routledge.

Ono, M., & Devilly, G. J. (2013). The role of childhood and adulthood trauma and appraisal of self-discrepancy in overgeneral memory retrieval. Cognition & Emotion, 27(6), 979–994. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.753869

Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., & Patihis, L. (2022). What science tells us about false and repressed memories. Memory, 30(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1870699

Rus, M., & Gălbează, A. B.-T. (2013). Psychological aspects of child sexual abuse. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 5(2), 499–510.

Shakespeare, T. (2006). The Social Model of Disability. In L. J. Davis (Ed.), The Disability Stud-ies Reader (2nd ed., pp. 197–204). Psychology Press.

Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. Atheneum Pub-lishers/Macmillan Publishing Co.

Stolorow, R. D. (2007). Anxiety, authenticity, and trauma: The relevance of Heidegger’s existen-tial analytic for psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 24(2), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.373

The selection criteria. (n.d.). Rhodes Trust. https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/scholarships/the-selection-criteria/

Taylor, R. S. (2022). Trauma drama: The trouble with competitive victimhood. Theory and Re-search in Education, 20(3), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/14778785221143741

Tissue, A., Specker, P., Hoffman, J., Uppal, S., Cloitre, M., Neuner, F., O’Donnell, M., & Nickerson, A. (2023). Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation for Refugees Integrated with Narrative Exposure Therapy: A Case Study on the Treatment of PTSD and

Emotion Dysregulation for Refugees and Asylum-Seekers. Clinical Case Studies, 22(3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/15346501221133315

Kube, T., Elssner, A. C., & Herzog, P. (2023). The relationship between multiple traumatic events and the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms – evidence for a cognitive link. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(1) https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2165025

Tonkin, E. (1995). Narrating our pasts: The social construction of oral history. Cambridge Universi-ty Press.

Westover, T. (2018). Educated: A memoir. Random House.

Williams, B. (2006). Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203969847

Ziemińska, R. (2022). Toward a Nonbinary Model of Gender/Sex Traits. Hypatia, 37(2), 402–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/hyp.2022.10